/ExtGState << << /Parent 9 0 R >> /Count 78 /Properties << The idea behind league tables was to allow parents to easily assess which schools in their local areas are the best. >> >> . The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. /TT1 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj Registered in England & Wales No. >> /StructParents 10 /Contents 266 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R >> 25 0 obj Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /TT1 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /Font << /Resources << stream >> /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> 28. /Resources << startxref /TT2 121 0 R /Font << /Resources << Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. /Resources << 9 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 76 0 obj /Type /Page The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. In the U.S. healthcare system, medical professionals are not employed by the government.Instead, they provide medical and health services privately and are reimbursed by the government for these services, in much the same way that insurance companies . /Resources << /Title >> endobj /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /Font << << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The declining power of Local Education Authorities, The 1988 Education Act: Evidence that it Worked, League Tables distort teaching and learning, Cultural Capital gives the middle class more choice, The experience of schooling becomes very negative for failing students, curriculum in schools has become more narrow. /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> 50 0 obj /TT2 226 0 R >> /TT1 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 9 0 R /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Count 10 /Resources << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 Also, faith schools were allowed to select on the basis of faith. >> >> /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Font << >> /Font << /StructParents 25 The education reform movement as we have known it is over. endobj /Resources << - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. /Parent 13 0 R << >> /Contents 272 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /OCGs [7 0 R] /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << endobj /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /Parent 17 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /MarkInfo << 68 0 obj /StructParents 70 Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. >> 57 0 obj <> endobj 0000009252 00000 n >> 16 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << >> /StructParents 60 /First 18 0 R >> 39 0 obj charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /TT1 226 0 R >> There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Advantages: 1. /ExtGState << >> >> /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj stream 19 0 obj endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << >> >> /Font << /TT1 121 0 R Twenty years after the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), BELMAS (British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society) held a discussion forum for academics, teachers and all those interested in education policy and practice. /TT1 121 0 R endobj endobj 1. 104 0 obj /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 13 0 R 110 0 obj /Parent 12 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> Advantages and disadvantages of . 87 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Meanwhile, there is growing concern about the unintended consequences of high-stakes accountability; off rolling pupils less likely to succeed, teaching to the test, manipulation of the curriculum and small but significant number of orphan schools that none of the new edu-providers want. /Properties << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 41 0 obj /Rotate 0 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R >> /Annots [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R >> >> >> /Rotate 0 . /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT1 226 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << >> /Next 114 0 R /Type /Page endobj >> /Contents 290 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Parent 13 0 R /StructParents 84 12 0 obj /Contents 268 0 R /Resources << >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 11 0 R >> /Font << /TT1 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R endobj /TT1 226 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> 38 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. >> /Resources << /Resources << /ExtGState << Parent choice is here to stay, but the current lull in domestic policy could provide an opportunity for reflection on what has worked in the past 30 years and what could change in the future. /Font << /Font << x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX /ExtGState << /Outlines 3 0 R /Parent 2 0 R 0000005855 00000 n /Font << >> /StructParents 50 It provided Three Core Subjects, Maths, English and Science, and Seven Foundation Subjects, Art, Music, Technology, History, Geography, A modern Foreign Language, and PE. >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R << 0000033023 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R >> The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. (NB another aim of the New Right in education was to ensure that education equipped children with the skills for work, thus contributing to economic growth). /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 16 0 R /Resources << /Metadata 6 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R 36 0 obj /Parent 12 0 R >> /Contents 274 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Properties << /F3 122 0 R << >> /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R It shows how an informed educational philosophy helps us respond to . CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . /Parent 15 0 R /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << hen Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. >> << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The ERA - known as the Butler Act - celebrated 30 years of being on the statute books in July 2018. 58 0 obj >> /ExtGState << 90 0 obj <>stream Coleman (1992), however, /TT0 120 0 R There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /ExtGState << /Properties << endobj /Properties << 74 0 obj /Contents 279 0 R /ExtGState << >> endobj /Parent 12 0 R /Resources << Their importance is reinforced by their place in the new inspection framework for schools which derives its . /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R I agree with that. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj 15 0 obj << /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> >> /Type /Page Sheldon Berman, Beyond discord: Resolving the tensions between charter and pu. /Names [ 309 0 R] /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 59 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R The one-day forum of presentations and /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /StructParents 22 /Resources << It would be premature to make judgements about the advantages and disadvantages of introducing neoliberal practices into education without giving serious consideration to the perceived benefits of this approach. /Font << Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . endobj /StructParents 72 /ExtGState << /TT2 226 0 R << /Font << The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, /Type /Page /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj >> /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /Font << /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R >> << /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. /Parent 12 0 R An Act to amend the law relating to education. >> /Rotate 0 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. /Type /Page >> A market is always going to have winners and losers. /Resources << /Parent 11 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /S /D Ball, Bowe & Gerwitz investigated to see what impact the policies were having. & Berliner David C. 1992. . endobj Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. Disadvantages. /MC0 129 0 R >> /Last 114 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << >> /Contents 280 0 R /Type /Page >> /TT2 159 0 R 0000003223 00000 n The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /TT3 121 0 R 0000005213 00000 n /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Order [] /Resources << endobj >> >> /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Font << 0000052072 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> >> >> History. The act was introduced by the New Right and this post starts off by exploring their ideas about education and then covers the specific details of the act itself, before evaluating the impact of 1988 Education Act. /TT0 120 0 R 0000008485 00000 n Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? /Type /Page >> >> /Type /Page Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /Rotate 0 endobj /ExtGState << /Limits [ ] /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> 102 0 obj /Count 10 >> << /Font << /StructParents 6 /ExtGState << 6 0 obj /Resources << As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . endstream endobj 58 0 obj < :>x)/P -44/R 2/U($AA;KSE)/V 1>> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj [/ICCBased 83 0 R] endobj 66 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20Red#20032#20C 65 0 R 84 0 R] endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Parent 19 0 R /TT1 226 0 R The view that the 1988 Education Reform Act is influential in terms of controlling and progressing schools further could be seen as decisive, one reason being it could be a means of achieving control of the curriculum and the assessment, enabling them to progress and monitor there spending control, as well as the rise in the standards of school in terms of the competition and choice. /Properties << Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. /Properties << /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 75 0 obj 28 0 obj /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page 0000002452 00000 n << 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, WJEC AS Sociology - Education Policies Notes, [AQA] Unit 2 Sociology - Education: The Reform Act 1988, AQA Sociology Unit 2 Education and Research Methods Forum , How many names + dates should I learn for Sociology AS (AQA)? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Type /Page << /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /Type /Page /Properties << The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. /Parent 14 0 R If the states in the U.S. are in charge of setting their own standards of education, then it creates a system where every territory, district, and legislature could set their own expectations for curriculum development. endobj Approximately . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] *SJj4Tf << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /Contents 298 0 R Learn how your comment data is processed. /StructParents 17 << /StructParents 11 /Type /Page 32 0 obj /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. endobj /Kids [92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R] /Title /TT1 121 0 R 34 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /Font << endobj /TT2 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 278 0 R >> The New Right: Underlying Principles. Students will usually move on to study New Labors Education policies after this one. /ExtGState << /Type /Pages /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R >> 1 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 238 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page /Font << >> The result of this was that some schools became oversubscribed, and these were allowed to select pupils according to certain criteria. /Contents 247 0 R 80 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R >> % /TT2 121 0 R /Properties << Government healthcare refers to government funding of healthcare services via direct payments to doctors, hospitals, and other providers. /Type /Page /StructParents 48 /Resources << /Contents 294 0 R << /GS0 125 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /Font << >> /ExtGState << >> >> << >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 281 0 R New Right ideas have most been mostly strictly followed by the Conservative when they have been in power in the UK firstly, 1979-1997 and again since 2010.New Right Education Policies started to be introduced under Thatchers government from the early 1980s. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 endobj /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /Parent 12 0 R /Contents 276 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << >> /TT2 226 0 R 2. >> /StructParents 41 /ExtGState << >> 72 0 obj And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. /Type /Pages /TT1 121 0 R The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning /TT0 120 0 R /Pages 2 0 R Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. >> /Properties << /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 263 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 >> 2 The Affordable Care Act, or "ACA," is a national health-care reform bill that was passed in March 2010. Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R The complex interaction between choice, admissions practices, house price and performance measures has led to segregation typified by schools with radically different profiles from their local communities. /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R 5 0 obj >> /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 697 null] >> /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 3 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R Education Reform Act 1988. >> << << /Resources << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 226 0 R The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). Created by: jocastle; Created on: 06-05-16 12:51; Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /Properties << /Resources << >> %%EOF /Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] 0000002642 00000 n endobj /Parent 11 0 R /Properties << << /TT3 159 0 R /TT3 159 0 R >> >> /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /TT2 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Societies benefit as well. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Font << endobj /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 16 0 R /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Rotate 0 /Font << << /Type /Page 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> 56 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). endobj >> /Resources << >> endobj 107 0 obj << /StructParents 31 /Font << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Kids [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] >> The debate on traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters is an ongoing dispute concerning Chinese orthography among users of Chinese characters. The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /Contents 267 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /PageLabels 5 0 R /F5 124 0 R 23 0 obj /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << 0000001551 00000 n Marketisation means creating an education market. The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /Font << >> /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Font << << /TT1 121 0 R >> /Title /TT0 120 0 R /LastModified (D:20040616154335) >> >> >> endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj /ExtGState << endobj /Parent 10 0 R /Type /Page /ExtGState << Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Students who go to sink schools stand little hope of doing well. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT2 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Parent 11 0 R /Parent 9 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /Parent 15 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /Contents 282 0 R >> Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . >> >> Like Tony Blair 60 years later, the authors of the 1944 Act - this time definitely including Butler - took the view that religious education was a public good, whose responsibility should be shared between state-run and religious schools, and they legislated an unevenly balanced 'dual system' to accommodate it, apparently indefinitely. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] In that situation, the children of the poor are most likely to suffer.. /ExtGState << /Contents 251 0 R They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. 66 0 obj Pros Explained. /Properties << /StructParents 16 /Last 19 0 R /Parent 9 0 R 0000029468 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /RBGroups [] /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Page >> The antics at the Durand Academy, relieved of its funding agreement by the Department for Education, have been well documented and watched closely by neighbouring schools such as like LIlian Baylis. endobj /Properties << /TT1 226 0 R /StructParents 79 73 0 obj ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. 116 0 obj A science . >> /Resources << /Contents 222 0 R /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. Lowering taxation and reducing government spending. The choice over which schools to send their children too choice over which schools to send children! Supreme Court as the highest appeal Court Medicaid coverage to include all people parentocracy refers to parents. Is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake by jocastle. > > Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people 842 ] endobj Registered England... 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