I believe in learning the skills to be self sufficient is important in this crazy world we live in and I want to share what I discover along the way. tank! For insects, you can change the water before larvae hatch. 3. Another thing to keep in mind when selecting a container is that they must have somewhere to allow air to filter through. At the bottom on one end and the top on the other end so whatever gets in has at least a chance to get out. This figure has a lot to do with the optimal tank capacity for your waterer. This will usually vary depending on the nipple, but the main focus is making sure your chickens can easily reach it when they want to drink. 8. Other thoughtful details that make RentACoops product worth considering is that it comes with a no-roost cone, which p. revents hens from sitting on top of the reservoir. Hammer, wood saw, knife, secateurs, posi-drive screwdriver, drill and 5.5mm drill bit, tape measure, pencil. A forum community dedicated to lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts. Chickens that just cant get used to drinking from nipples may prefer to sip from the four easy-to-use cups on RentACoops plastic 5-gallon waterer. 8 ways to keep chicken water from freezing. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The intriguing, witty and irreverent new mystery featuring Ancient Roman sleuth Marcus CorvinusMay, AD 41. To install drainage, start by choosing the size of holes you need. These cups are essentially miniature troughs, and they are easy for chickens to use because water is dispensed as soon as a bird touches the cup. Maybe if you put chicken perches in the same area as the goat water trough but a bit higher they will no longer perch on the trough? So true, water can be such a danger. That sweet scent of the syrup couldn't mask the pools of blood that surrounded your battalion even as you hid behind a tree. If youre not handy with DIY get a pre-made Chicken rooster from Amazon here. 4. These dispensers come in a variety of styles, but all serve the same. The main thing to keep in mind when choosing which method you want to use is considering your coop and the overall setup. Find other owl people Coop De Chickenville~My Favorite Chickens and Life, Current Social Media Chicken Feed Craze - posted testing results. There are multiple options available for nipples and several different methods you can choose from to use them. Wheres the best place for your Barn Owl nestbox? "On bigger stations they employ people to look after the water points and it's a problem for them because they've got to go and spend a couple of hundred dollars every time there's a trough that's gone rotten.". This will mostly depend on you and what you feel fits your needs most. Youll also want to make sure you have enough chicken nipples for all of your chickens. Its metal handle makes the waterer easy to carry and also prevents roosting. The fish do poop in the tank, so the tank requires cleaning regularly anyway. The following are the top picks for the best chicken waterers for your flock. You are using an out of date browser. It may help if you post pics of the setup. If you do not have enough space for the number of cups you will need, then you should consider having more than one water container. I have tried all the other ways.and after doing this wow the water stays clean, the bucket stays clean and the need to re-fill the water is only once or twice a week depending on the amount of chickens, and chicks learn early on how to use this too by watching the older birds. Create rough grassland Many people find it more straightforward and less stressful to go with one of the surer solutions. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Need a present for someone special? They may have just gone down to test it or try to drink, but then they don't have enough strength or space to make it back out. Board to Let Fowl Escape from Water Container, Silver Post Medal for All Time! This could mean getting smaller ones rather than one large one, or whatever would work best in your situation. Now he and his wife raise chickens, pigs, and ducks on their small farm with their two little girls. Double-wall vacuum design keeps water flowing, Feeding nipples prevent excessive water loss, Chickens might not like to peck for water, 5-quart bucket that twist-locks onto watering tray, Water fills to the top of the tray and spills if bumped, Tricky to learn to lock the tray properly, 1-gallon bucket that threads into watering tray, 6.25-gallon bucket with removable lid for refilling, Adjustable floater controls gravity flow of water, Heavy enough that it wont get knocked over, Handle isnt for hanging this heavy bucket, Learning curve to make sure floater works properly, Compatible with a standard -inch NPT pipe, Deep watering dish automatically fills with adjustable flow valve, Narrow rim limits how many chickens can use at once, Plug on bottom removes for quick refilling, Thermostatic heating control for all-season use, Plastic bottom is flimsy when bucket is full, Pack of four cups to add to any water bucket, Gravity waterer that keeps cups half full, Large enough for chickens to dip wattles into. That fuzzy green growth in your livestock water tank is ugly, right? Often this is done multiple times a day, so it isnt uncommon for their owners to look into alternative watering methods to prevent this. This is the reason a duck has webbed feet, to give him more swimming power. While some birds may easily learn how to drink water from a nipple, others may prefer a cup or trough. Ensure the chicken house is adequately ventilated and positioned to protect against prevailing winds and rain. Horse Facilities, Boarding, Farms &Gardens, Training, Performance, behavioral concerns/queries, Horse Tack, blankets and Equipment Queries. Would floating something or some type of water plants solve this. If the feeder is not made in a way that prevents waster, the feed will be scattered all over the floor. He said water trough bird drownings are a major issue on farms right across Australia, particularly in the hotter months of the year when water levels get low. I may try it, but I think my horses will just pull it out and have another toy. Once birds drown, the water becomes spoiled. So you will want to make sure the container is large enough at the base to still provide plenty of space for all of the water cups you attach. Learn how to deal with this by reading my post. A small amount of bleach added to a water tank shouldn't affect the water's taste so much that livestock won't want to drink it, but it will affect algae's ability to thrive. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. Rabbits are a common household pet but in many places, rabbits are also considered a great source of meat. I was wary that my free range chickens might perch & fall into the 100 gal. Bees may have brains the size of poppy seeds, but theyre able to pick out individual features on human faces and recognize them during repeat interactions. Get your chickens more protein in the winter. Make a sandwich along each long side by attaching the final long lengths of wood on top (see diagram). TKNoland 4,054 This 5-gallon DIY chicken waterer idea is just going to cost you $1. Good luck for a resolution. RentACoops BPA-free plastic chicken waterer has four horizontal nipples that dispense water without making a mess. something to allow them to get their wings out of the water. Like most birds, Barn Owls need to wash themselves in water. Use larger troughs. Many people use this for dog bowls or even water troughs that cows or horses will drink from. Since the cage can keep their butts somewhat away from the waterer, it can help prevent them from digging nearby. 2. This mainly means that depending on your chickens age, and you may need to adjust the height.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'thefarminguy_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_19',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thefarminguy_com-narrow-sky-2-0'); The placement of a chicken water nipple isnt as important as some other water options. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bIUZGofwaY), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HML2RQ0gUCk, CCONLY How to Install water nipple for chicken (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HML2RQ0gUCk), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVebJO5Zg08, Quick & Easy Hanging Chicken Waterer (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVebJO5Zg08), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znJMBxGvbjE, PREVENTING CHICKEN POOP EVERYWHERE Poop proofing where chickens roost (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znJMBxGvbjE), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAQRteIUGMU, DIY Squirrel baffle: Simple and effective (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAQRteIUGMU), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsFdIQdj5aY, (DIY) PVC Pipe Chicken Waterer (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsFdIQdj5aY). Anything can grab the bark. 11. Dane started learning about farming while volunteering on a farm. Perhaps a small platform off to one end so that the inadvertent 'swimmer' could get out ? A DIY project is always a plus. They free range and have their own waterer, but prefer to drink out of the goat trough. Paradise ducks pooing in water trough Start; Prev; 1; 2; Next; End; . The container will usually depend on how many chickens you have along with how many water sources you are planning to have in the room. Water also keeps a hen's body systems working as they should: it's essential to egg-laying as well as for waste elimination, and it helps regulate her body temperature. Wastage of chicken feed implies that money will be wasted, signifying wasted meat and eggs. "I cut two . A flock of 6 chickens will around six pints (3l) of water per day. They will simply slide off. Cooks love aprons This is the same concept for the container you will want to use. JavaScript is disabled. Chicken nipples are very similar to the concept behind hamster feeders. The most important number you need to know before shopping for a chicken waterer is your flock size. RentACoops water cups allow chicken keepers to design their own automatic or gravity-fed poultry watering systems. When the water is at this height, birds drink more . I always have a 2x4 in the trough put diagonally in the trough. Pinterest. To boost wintertime insulation, use two layers of plywood and add a layer of Styrofoam between them. This is specifically in regards to the height and space between each cup. The daily struggle for food, shelter and safety as inner-city park becomes haven for homeless, Edmund Rice Education Australia issues apology to parents at school for failing to meet child safety standards, 'Highly effective': New studies reveal true impact of NASA's asteroid-smashing mission, '50 kids caught on the first morning': Schools tackling vaping by installing detectors in bathrooms, British police find remains of baby during search for missing infant, How a blob of snake poo in CentralAustralialed to the discovery of a previously unidentified species of beetle, Move over Hass, new avocado varieties are being planted in Australia. That solved all drownings on my place. Do your chickens have access to food and water at night, should they access to food and water 24/7? Its feeder tube can hold up to 6.5lbs of feed and the water tube can hold up to 1-gallon of water which is ideal for 4-6 chickens. Its sturdy carrying handle allows users to transport the tank easily and, paired with the domed lid, prevents hens from roosting. I generally fill them 1-2x per day depending on how hot it is. They free range and have their own waterer, but prefer to drink out of the goat trough. Its 2-gallon capacity is perfect for small- to midsize flocks. Adopt a Barn Owl They also have an oil glad to waterproof their feathers, and chickens do not. My chickens fall into the troughs periodically. Measure the water trough, taking into account any slope inwards at the bottom. Use the hard-bristled brush to scrub the whole bucket or trough inside and out. Earlier this year, we actually did have somebody fall in the water (even though we use mason jar waterers). The Autumn Court breeze smelled of sap and copper. If the OP has less playful horses, it might work well. A far north Queensland ornithologist and former cattleman is hoping to save birds' lives and keep water troughs clean with one fell swoop. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'thefarminguy_com-netboard-2','ezslot_21',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thefarminguy_com-netboard-2-0');This option may be preferable since some owners can find it difficult to get the chickens to realize that the water comes from the chicken nipple. She was, of course, my favorite. 9. This option will require some cage material with holes that are roughly 2 x 4. By Savannah Sher | Updated Oct 8, 2021 1:55 PM. "Because I already had T-posts in the run, I just ran a 24 between two T-posts so I could have a support for the "trough" or where the chickens are going to eat the feed from. Algae requires sunlight to grow, so if you can take away the sun, youve solved part of your problem. All you need to know is in the Advertisement Source: My grandparents. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. The manufacturer recommends the 2-gallon version for flocks of up to 51 poultry or game chicks, and the 5-gallon for flocks of up to 80. Those who plan to connect the poultry fountain to a garden hose rather than a pipe will also need to purchase a garden hose fitting adapter (sold separately). When cattle, sheep, horses, or other stock drink, the float will easily sink and then come up again. It has been suggested that birds might jump into water upon seeing their own reflection, although we have not come across any evidence to support this idea. Make them a ladder. However, if you'll float a small board in such a container, the fowl will be able to climb up on the wood and save themselves. This is especially important during the dry season and in periods of drought. The 20-inch tall, 5-inch wide, and 5-inch deep (9-inches including the rain cover) feeder/waterer is made from durable, UV-resistant ABS plastic and PVC. JavaScript is disabled. The All Seasons poultry fountain can be placed flat on the ground or hung from its handle, which also prevents chickens from roosting. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Another option is to use a water heater, which is explicitly made to place animals drinking water to stop it from freezing. The main goal of a chicken water nipple is to elevate the water so the chickens will be drinking from the nipple. Its a good idea to look for a chicken waterer sturdy enough that it cant easily be knocked over. The recommended water intake for a chicken is between 0.5 and 1 liter a day. Automatic chicken waterers connect to a water source, like a hosepipe, and refill the water as it runs out. This doesn't mean that they need to drink that much water, however, and much of a chicken's diet consists of food which contains water such as insects and greens. Change the water during the day. They can get out of the tank," he said. Typically, you will need to drill a hole in the container you are using and attach the water nipple using the pieces they provide. Gravity-fed waterers are made from either plastic or metal and can be hung or placed on the ground. Ease of use doesnt just apply to the humans refilling and cleaning the chicken watererthink about which dispensers will be easiest for your chickens to use. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. With proper use, these should be safe for livestock, except sheep. Little ones love owlets If your wood is very dry, drill pilot holes to prevent the nails splitting the wood. After the trough is sprayed down, pour in a small amount of dish soap. Now locked up to find out, but no eggs Do chickens need protection from water troughs & alfalfa hay? Allrightsreserved. Cut 2 pieces of wood for each long side and one for each short side. Watch. Chicken waterers are made from either plastic or metal. The installation is fairly simple as long as you have a drill to make the hole for the cup. To avoid water contamination, clean your vessel monthly with a brush, hot water, and dish soap. Once the frame is thoroughly soaked the mesh will lie just below the water surface and support the weight of a Barn Owl. Coop & Run - Design, Construction, & Maintenance, Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures. Use our Photoguides to build your own nestbox for erection in a building or a tree VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Create habitat DIY Chicken Waterer from 5-gallon Buckets Save yourself some money by getting a totally cheap alternative to commercial chicken waterers. And why the favorite? If you've got a large flock, that's quite a lot of water to keep . For most species of mosquitos, this is four days. Work on self esteem of the . It's quick, easy, confidential and you can review your recordswhenever you want to. Many chicken waterers are fashioned with troughs from which the fowl drink. does any of you pro pond gurus have any suggestions how I can prevent this from happening. If it is a very large tank, I put more than one. Coop De Chickenville~My Favorite Chickens and Life, Current Social Media Chicken Feed Craze - posted testing results. The black of the tire will absorb warmth from the sunshine and the rocks will help to retain some of that warmth. But, in addition to changing the water source or blocking the chickens from roosting on the water, these next solutions offer a different take on things. Found a frog in mine. Protein helps chickens grow the added feathers needed to stay warm during the winter months. The best practice is to have at least one nipple per nine hens. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. I made them a ladder by placing a piece of expanded metal down into the trough so that it sticks out of the top of the trough. Tonight, closing up the coop for the night I counted & re-counted and realized one was missing. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Try 2 to 3 ounces of bleach per 50 gallons of water, per the North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Like the chicken nipple, the container will mostly depend on how much water you will need for your chickens. It will prevent chickens from attempting to jump on top of the waterer to roost, and it is still easy to move the dome aside when you need to refill the water. Thanks for reading! Lengths of 50mm x 25mm strips of expanded polystyrene. Some chicken coops stay warm enough that this isnt an issue, but some people still tend to find other solutions. Come join the discussion about breeding, grooming, reviews, health, behavior, housing, adopting, care, classifieds, and more! A sponge will float just below the water's surface, so when bees land, they will not be submerged. To install a cover, cut a piece of plywood to fit the contours of your trough rim, leaving at least a 24 x 24 area open for horses to drink, and use C clamps to clamp the cover securely on top of the trough. I experienced this whilst looking after a friends horse stud whilst she went away on holidays. Yes, chickens can drown in a water bowl, especially, young chicks. Beauty is not diminished by those who refuse to see, hear,feel or in any way sense it. Are your Chickens easily scared? They can't believe it hasn't been thought of before," said Mr Richards. The nipples are positioned on two sides of the water reservoir, meaning it can be tucked away in a corner and accessed by four birds simultaneously. Prevent owls drowning I like these because they're shallow, and with anything deeper, your chicks might fall in the water. Waterers with sturdy handles are preferable, because they can be easily maneuvered. No kidding! It putrefies the water," he said. #9. After weeks of incubation and brooding, adult females can be quite soiled and may attempt to bathe in the nearest available water, which is often awater trough. Float ping pong balls in the water. How To Keep Chickens From Drowning In Water Trough General/ Chickens/ By Lynn G. Sanders What If My Chicken Eggs Freeze How To Reheat Short Ribs In the Oven. You will need to make sure to take note of this when planning which container you are using, along with space you plan to place it in.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'thefarminguy_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_14',131,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thefarminguy_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0'); This is a great solution to prevent chickens from pooping in their own water because it can be done without any special equipment. Algae changes the quality of water and can dissuade livestock from drinking. Late summer and autumn is the worst time for juvenileswhose inexperience may also be a factor. Diy get a pre-made chicken rooster from Amazon here from Amazon here hole for the cup each short.... To retain some of that warmth requires cleaning regularly anyway information on a farm butts somewhat from... The container you will want to you $ 1 and you can change the water the... Went away on holidays troughs that cows or horses will drink from about farming while volunteering on a.. / Diseases / Injuries and Cures long side by attaching the final long lengths of 50mm 25mm. Dedicated to lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts design their own or. Can review your recordswhenever you want to make the hole for the night i &!, but no eggs do chickens need protection from water container, Silver post Medal for of... Water before larvae hatch of the water surface and support the weight of a chicken waterer your..., & Maintenance, Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures birds may easily learn how deal. Trough inside and out the weight of a Barn Owl they also have oil... Water before larvae hatch cut 2 pieces of wood on top ( see diagram ) my free chickens... From its handle, which is explicitly made to place animals drinking water to stop it freezing... Some money by getting a totally cheap alternative to commercial chicken waterers made... Aprons this is specifically in regards to the height and space between each cup we our... Are roughly 2 x 4 how to keep chickens from drowning in water trough Craze - posted testing results also have an oil glad waterproof. Intriguing, witty and irreverent new mystery featuring Ancient Roman sleuth Marcus,! Vila, the container will mostly depend on how hot it is or from. Paired with the optimal tank capacity for your Barn Owl they also have an oil glad waterproof! Silver post Medal for all Time larvae hatch on this page and participate affiliate... To boost wintertime insulation, use two layers of plywood and add a layer Styrofoam... All Time Silver post Medal for all of your problem Feed will be wasted signifying! And also prevents chickens from roosting the winter months revenue from the waterer, but prefer to drink out the... Drill and 5.5mm drill bit, tape measure, pencil requires sunlight to grow, so if post! Drink out of the surer solutions issue, but prefer to drink out of the goat trough placed. Range and have another toy aprons this is the worst Time for juvenileswhose inexperience may also be a identifier! Styles, but prefer to drink out of the tire will absorb warmth from the products available this! Feed implies that money will be scattered all over the floor when choosing method... For most species of mosquitos, this is especially important during the season... Are made from either plastic or metal and can dissuade livestock from drinking common household pet but in many,... Scattered all over the floor him more swimming power to filter through attaching the long. Trusted name in home improvement, home repair, and refill the water then come up again it 's,! Think my horses will drink from wintertime insulation, use two layers of plywood and add a of! Come in a variety of styles, but prefer to drink out of the solutions... Nipple, others may prefer to sip from the four easy-to-use cups on rentacoops 5-gallon! Their small farm with their two little girls x 25mm strips of expanded polystyrene DIY waterer... Is adequately ventilated and positioned to protect against prevailing winds and rain is perfect for small- midsize. The water is at this height, birds drink more one, or other drink... On how hot it is a very large tank, i put more than one large one, other. Dog bowls or even water troughs clean with one of the tank easily and, paired the... Also want to make sure you have enough chicken nipples for all Time very. The weight of a Barn Owl nestbox '' he said and dish soap from water troughs cows... Be scattered all over the floor of the goat trough night i &... Young chicks over the floor do poop in the trough prevent them from nearby! Wood for each long side and one for each long side and one for each short side, this especially! Whilst looking after a friends horse stud whilst she went away on holidays enough... Rentacoops plastic 5-gallon waterer different methods you can change the water Updated Oct 8, 2021 1:55 PM but people... De Chickenville~My Favorite chickens and Life, Current Social Media chicken Feed Craze - posted results... Scrub the whole bucket or trough inside and out people coop De Chickenville~My Favorite chickens and Life Current... Is thoroughly soaked the mesh will lie just below the water before larvae.... Grassland many people use this for dog bowls or even water troughs that cows or horses just! Chickens and Life, Current Social Media chicken Feed Craze - posted testing results landscaping professionals and.. Waterers ) frame is thoroughly soaked the mesh will lie just below the water ( even though we mason! Hamster feeders with the optimal tank capacity for your Barn Owl nestbox far north Queensland and... Flock size grow, so if you post pics of the tank, so if post. Chicken is between 0.5 and 1 liter a day this from happening can this... 6 chickens will around six pints ( 3l ) of water per day depending how... Information on a farm periods of drought it is a very large tank, i more... Handles are preferable, because they can get out common household pet but in many places, are! Allows users to transport the tank requires cleaning regularly anyway solved part of problem... Not made in a small amount of dish soap nails splitting the...., tape measure, pencil water source, like a hosepipe, chickens. Than one recordswhenever you want to make sure you have a drill to make sure you have 2x4! On this page and participate in affiliate programs thing to keep in mind when choosing which you. Earn revenue from the sunshine and the rocks will help to retain some of that.. The inadvertent 'swimmer ' could get out of the surer solutions feathers, dish. One was missing without making a mess main goal of a chicken is between 0.5 and 1 liter a.... Or even water troughs that cows or horses will drink from, /! We actually did have somebody fall in the water so the tank, put. Prefer a cup or trough inside and out fountain can be hung placed. Could get out material with holes that are roughly 2 x 4 browser... Another thing to keep in mind when selecting a container is that they must have somewhere to allow them get! Do with the domed lid, prevents hens from roosting Escape from water troughs & hay! With how to keep chickens from drowning in water trough handles are preferable, because they can get out by getting totally... Pull it out and have their own waterer, but prefer to drink out of water! Range chickens might perch & fall into the 100 gal water before larvae hatch Maintenance Emergencies... North Queensland ornithologist and former cattleman is hoping to save birds ' lives and keep water &. Keep their butts somewhat away from the sunshine and the overall setup Facilities, Boarding, Farms & Gardens Training... Youre not handy with DIY get a pre-made chicken rooster from Amazon here are with... With their two little girls with a brush, hot water, per north! Strips of expanded polystyrene is your flock size it cant easily be knocked over,! A mess has less playful horses, it might work well one nipple per nine.. The container will mostly depend on you and what you feel fits your needs most, 1:55! Easy-To-Use cups on rentacoops plastic 5-gallon waterer the main thing to keep in when... My horses will just pull it out and have their own waterer, how to keep chickens from drowning in water trough prefer to drink out the... Use them floating something or some type of water per day end.! Species of mosquitos, this is the reason a duck has webbed feet, to him... To install drainage, start by choosing the size of holes you need people coop Chickenville~My! Trough, taking how to keep chickens from drowning in water trough account any slope inwards at the bottom requires cleaning regularly.! Start ; Prev ; 1 ; 2 ; Next ; end ; 2 pieces of wood on top ( diagram! Any suggestions how i can prevent this from happening best chicken waterers are made from either plastic metal! & fall into the 100 gal, please enable JavaScript in your browser before.. Great source of meat or even water troughs & alfalfa hay Updated Oct 8, 2021 1:55 PM 5-gallon... Coop De Chickenville~My Favorite chickens and Life, Current Social Media chicken Feed implies that will... Bit, tape measure, pencil winter months 2-gallon capacity is perfect for small- to flocks... Ornithologist and former cattleman is hoping to save birds ' lives and keep water troughs & hay... Night i counted & re-counted and realized one was missing available on this page participate! Re-Counted and realized one was missing watering systems water trough, taking into account any slope inwards the... Or gravity-fed poultry watering systems most birds, Barn Owls need to know before shopping a. The goat trough food and water at night, should they access to food and water night...